Obesity in America Fast Food Restaurants are NOT the Problem

With the continued growth of fast food restaurants, low priced food, and fast friendly service, these restaurants have become very appealing to the average consumer. With this increase in popularity, there has come many problems for these companies associated with the fast food industry. These stores are being blamed for the rise of obesity and other health issues in America; leading to many wanting a ban or probation on these fast food restaurants. The Government has stepped in on this issue and is trying to coming up with solutions for this so called â€Å"epidemic†. â€Å"One ordinance has passed by the Los Angeles City Council that bans the issuance of permits relating to the construction of any new fast food restaurants in South Los Angeles,†¦show more content†¦Whereas, McDonalds offers a similar smoothie for $3, it takes only a few seconds to make, and contains only 220 calories† (Freedman, 2013, p. 13). This is very important considering that the main f actor to people becoming obese is caused by calorie intake versus outtake. With the fast food restaurant, the consumer is taking in less calories than a â€Å"healthy† restaurant. For these reasons, fast food restaurants should not be blamed for obesity in America when their servings have less calories than other restaurants. Fast food restaurants are said to be full of fattening foods that lead to health problems for all of the people that eat at these restaurants on a continually bases. â€Å"The fact is, there is simply no clear, credible evidence that any aspect of food processing or storage makes a food uniquely unhealthy† (Freedman, 2013, p. 13). People just believe that processed food is bad for you just because it is different from traditional food, they are just afraid of this new concept. The biggest fast food chain â€Å"McDonalds has quietly been making healthy changes for years, shrinking portion sizes, reducing some fats, trimming average salt conten t by more than 10 percent in the past couple of years alone, and adding fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, and oatmeal to its menu† (Freedman, 2013, p. 13). This company is giving the consumer many healthy choices to choice from,Show MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity Is Not Only A Problem1666 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity is not only a problem, it is an epidemic that is occurring in the United States. ​This problem is often caused by children eating too much and not exercising enough. Childhood obesity became a problem between 1990 ­2000. It started with children s BMI increasing and weight gain. Obesity causes emotional and physical damage to the child. About 78 million adults and 13 million kids in the United States have to deal with the effects of obesity every day, and this number is growingRead MoreObesity : A Major Health Challenge1319 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Obesity is a major health challenge in the United States. The World Obesity Federation reports obesity has become a major growing health problem since infectious diseases and nutrient deficiencies began to fade in the first half of the 20th century (WOF, 2015, para 1). Obesity is one of the biggest challenges facing healthcare today. 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Fast foods restaurants provide foods that are quick, cheap, and easy alternatives to home cooked meals, that do not provide table service, and tend to be high in saturated fat, salt, calories while containing little nutrients (Gaskell). Sometimes we eat food from restaurant chains such as McDonalds, Kentucky FriedRead MoreFood and Culture Essays1398 Words   |  6 Pagescontemporary food habits of African Americans compared with the typical American majority diet Introduction I have chosen to write on African American food habits because I believe their food tells a story of endurance and adaptability during hard times. I’ve heard the word ‘soul food’ bandied about without actually knowing what the essence of it was. 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Particular attention is paid to Subway restaurants outlining the key strategies needed in order to increase popularity and therefore visitor numbers. The Research Focus forms the backdrop of the study highlighting the background of the problem of obesity levels and the availability of fast food choices. Secondary data investigates past research undertaken in customer satisfaction surveysRead MoreCase: Pizza Chains of the United States and Pizza Hut10172 Words   |  41 PagesBorja Rice University Introduction Historically, Domino’s Pizza has been a strong player in both the domestic US and international out-ofhome pizza marketplaces. With more than 9,300 locations in 65 countries, Domino’s is the number two pizza restaurant behind Pizza Hut and number one in the pizza delivery segment with market share numbers approaching 20 percent.1 (See Exhibit 1 for a ranking of the top 50 pizzeria brands in 2009 by sales.) 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Symbolism And Symbolism In Lord Of The Flies By William...

*hook* A symbol is defined as a literary device where an object, person, or situation has a deeper meaning in the context of the whole story. Throughout the novel, author William Golding includes symbolism that hints at irony, foreshadowing, and a variety of themes. These symbols contribute to the depth and meaning of the story, allowing the characters to act under their influence. In Lord of the Flies, there is a numerous amount of symbols, such as the signal fire, the conch, and the ritual. The signal fire possesses many symbolic meanings essential to the story, Lord of the Flies. In the beginning of the novel, Ralph started a signal fire and instructed some of the boys to tend it. He used its smoke to show a sign of life on the island†¦show more content†¦The shell was discovered by Ralph and Piggy on the beach in the first chapter. Because it was used to unite the boys after the plane crash, the conch became a symbol of civilization, power, and order. In assemblies, the conch gave the power of speech to whoever held it. When meetings were called, the boys listened to those who possessed the shell, as they still respected the â€Å"rule of the conch.† Even Jack, who was not in favor of most rules, he respected the conch, as he â€Å"laid the conch with great care in the grass at his feet† after a meeting (127). Golding uses the conch as a reminder that tools of power are worthless without given meanings from the people. Without agreement to them, rules are powerless and serve no purpose to society, just like the conch. The conch was only an object before the boys gave it a purpose. Its power diminishes throughout the novel as Jack and his tribe disregard its rules and descend into savagery, thus making it useless. As well as the conch, the ritual dance developed in the story is also an important symbol. Another significant symbol in Lord of the Flies is Jack’s ritual. The ritual dance and chant symbolizes the savagery and primitive religion that Jack and his tribe developed during the novel. At first, however, Jack used the ritual as a fun way to escape the hardships and new reality of the island. Its excitement and sense of belonging attracted other boys to Jack’s new method ofShow MoreRelatedSymbolism in Lord of the Flies by William Golding1153 Words   |  5 PagesGonzalo Barril Merino 3EMC Lord of the Flies Essay Describe the use of symbolism in Lord of the Flies By understanding symbols, you get a better picture of the novel â€Å"Lord of the Flies† and the hidden messages and references to human nature and a criticism of society. The author, William Golding, uses a huge amount of symbolism to reflect society of the outer world with the island. Symbols of fire, the conch and water are described all throughout the novel. Fire represents hope, strength and knowledgeRead MoreSymbolism In Lord Of The Flies By William Golding743 Words   |  3 Pages Symbolism in novels incorporate factors into the story which are understood but unstated. In the Lord of the Flies, William Golding uses symbolism to express the sanity and emotions of the boys stranded on the island. The boys used fire to cook and as a signal for any ships at sea in an attempt for rescue. The fire’s diverse intensities exemplify the authority Ralph or Jack hold over the boys which affects the group’s overall conscience. When the fire is kept at a constant level, Ralph and JackRead MoreSymbolism in Lord of the Flies by William Golding1159 Words   |  5 PagesGonzalo Barril Merino 3EMC Lord of the Flies Essay Describe the use of symbolism in Lord of the Flies By understanding symbols, you get a better picture of the novel â€Å"Lord of the Flies† and the hidden messages and references to human nature and a criticism of society. The author, William Golding, uses a huge amount of symbolism to reflect society of the outer world with the island. Symbols of fire, the conch and water are described all throughout the novel. Fire represents hope, strengthRead MoreEssay on Symbolism in Lord of the Flies, by William Golding912 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism in Lord of the Flies, by William Golding In his classic novel, Lord of the Flies, William Golding uses many elements of symbolism to help the readers gain a greater understanding of his message. Symbolism can be anything, a person, place, or thing, used to portray something beyond its self. It is used to represent or foreshadow the conclusion of the story. As one reads this novel, he or she will begin to recognize the way basic civilization is slowly stripped away from the boys as conflictRead MoreThe Use of Symbolism in The Lord of the Flies by William Golding1943 Words   |  8 PagesThe Use of Symbolism in The Lord of the Flies by William Golding A symbol is something concrete that represents another thing or idea. In Lord Of The Flies a lot of things we encounter are given symbolic meaning by the way the author William Golding uses them. The book it’s self is named after a symbol, the words â€Å"Lord Of The Flies† translated means â€Å"Beelzebub† which is another word for â€Å"the devil† the book was named after the devil because evil has a large influenceRead MoreSymbolism Analysis Of Lord Of The Flies By William Golding2013 Words   |  9 Pages Symbolism Analysis of Lord of the Flies â€Å"Lord of the Flies† is a novel written by William Golding which shows the reader dark situations throughout the play of the book. In this novel, boys are completely isolated from civilization and rules. The theme portrays ‘civilization vs savagery’, questioning if civilization fade away without the positive views of rules. Lord of the Flies gives the reader an idea of how humanity’s form can shape throughout different life threatening situations. GoldingRead MoreThe Symbolism of the Conch Shell in Lord of the Flies by William Golding1086 Words   |  5 PagesThe Symbolism of the Conch In Lord of the Flies, several symbols are used to illustrate important ideas that are crucial to the plot and meaning of the book. One of these symbols is the conch: this rare shell is not only a precious and expensive in the world of merchandise; it also holds a dark and mysterious power over a group of English boys, lost on an island with no adults, clues, or means of escape. The boys set up a civilization and try to live in the society they have set up. This systemRead MoreThe Symbolism of Masks in Lord of the Flies by William Golding848 Words   |  4 Pagessomehow the human fascination of applying them to their face makes them seem all the more fun, and interesting. This newfound interest could even leak through to the mind beneath, giving way to a whole new person. In his 1954 novel, Lord of the Flies, William Golding illustrated this idea in a way that captured the hearts of many and led the story to fame, concocting a reality that had since resided only in the nightmares of children. Inventing a world in which masks of paint were not a fun thingRead MoreSymbolism Of Fire In Lord Of The Flies By William Golding983 Words   |  4 Pagesmost rational of the group, and Ralph, the leader of all the kids, fire and a pair of bifocals are solely used for survival. Jack on the other hand, who is the leader of the savages, uses fire to harm and control others around him. Lord of the Flies by William Golding acquires an elaborate way to develop deeper meanings of each of the symbols especially fire and Piggy’s glasses. The symbolic meaning of fire is demonstrated throughout the book in many different fashions but mainly it is portrayedRead MoreUnderstood Objects of Symbolism in the Novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding716 Words   |  3 PagesIn every novel, an object may represent something other than what it actually is. Lord of the Flies of by William Golding has several of these objects in it. An explanation for what objects hold symbolic meaning is would be like how snow may represent delight and happiness for a child. These objects also add side stories and add detail to the novel. Three objects that hold immense symbolic meaning in Lord of the Flies are the beast, the conch, and the signal fire. To begin with, one object that

American Revolution Notes Radical or Moderate free essay sample

Some historians argue that the Revolution was solely aimed at achieving the Limited goal of independence from Britain. There was a consensus among the Americans about keeping things as they were once the break from Britain had been accomplished The Revolution was inevitably viewed as a struggle of liberty versus tyranny between America and Britain. The Revolution was radical in its character, according to Bancroft, because it hastened the advance of human beings toward a millennium of everlasting peace and universal brotherhood.The imperial school believed that political and constitutional issues brought on the Revolution. The Progressive historians held that the primary causes were social and economic. Gibson claimed the British were Justified In taxing the Americas and tightening the Navigation Acts after 1763, because largely Brutish blood and money had been expended In the Great War for Empire, 1754-1763 (French and Indian War). Carl L. Becker, Charles A. Beard, Arthur M. Schlesinger Sir. , and J. Franklin Jameson stressed class conflict as well as insisted the political or constitutional ideas had an underlying economic basis.Disenchantment of the merchants with British rule, said Schlesinger, arose from the economic reverses they suffered as a result of the strict policy of imperial control enacted by the mother country after the French and Indian War. The merchant class later became, in Schlesinger words, a potent factor o the conservative counterrevolution that led to the establishment of the United States Constitution. In the struggle between colonies and the mother country, the Americans emerged as the conservatives because they were trying to keep matters as they were before 1763.Daniel J. Verboten argued that the revolution was conservative on the Imperial as well as the local level because Americans were fighting to retain traditional rights and liberties granted to them under the Brutish constitution. In refusing to accept the principle of no taxation without repre sentation, Abortionist wrote, the patriots were insisting upon an old liberty, not a new right. The colonists, according to Bailey, were convinced that there was a sinister plot against liberty in both England and America.Americans believed the conspiracy had succeeded in England and that America represented the last bastion or the defense f English liberties and the freedom of all mankind. Bailey took issue with the Progressive historians who declared that the patriot leaders were indulging in mere rhetoric when they employed such words as conspiracy, corruption, and slavery. The colonists meant what they said; the fear of conspiracy against constitutional authority was built Into the very structure of politics, and these words represented real fears, real anxieties, [and] a sense of real danger. Nash concluded that social changes had turned these seaport communities Into crucibles of revolutionary agitation. The increasing poverty and the narrowing of economic opportunities resulted in Some [New Left Historians] pictured the Revolution as a social movement an internal strug gle within the colonies caused in part by class antagonism. Grooms conclusion was conservative that the townspeople had gone to war not to promise social change, but to stop it. Some of the new social historians suggested the Americans may have been caught up in a serious identity crisis as a people on the eve of the Revolution. Such historians saw Americans as profoundly conflicted toward the mother country. To Shy, the war was not an instrument of policy or a sequence of military operations solely, but rather a social process of education. The Radicalism of the American Revolution, by Gordon Wood, suggests that the Revolution ushered in a new American no longer hampered by habits of deference, feelings of inferiority, or hesitation about economic advancement.Wood, like Bailey before him, insisted on the Revolutions radical transformation of ideas of property, work, and the self. Property no longer meant simply land; it also meant personal wealth dynamic, fluid, an evanescent.. . Which, claimed, unlike land could not create personal authority or identity. Work, not leisure, suddenly defined Americans, and most important, the Revolution gave Americans a sense of equality and self-worth. This repudiation explains the predetermined nature of the outraged response to Great Britains provocative policies in the years before the Revolution.They [Americans] felt the sting not only of extra taxes and burdens of maintaining the British military presence, but also the humiliation of rejection from participation in an Englishmen they believed they shared. While Barrens revision returned to an earlier view of the ideological origins of the Revolution, nevertheless he agreed with Bailey, Wood, and, in a modulated way, Bancroft, that the Revolution had, in the long run, radical results. R. R.Palmer compared the intellectual and ideological trajectories from the American and French revolutions, finding more political consensus and continuity in the United States despite greater levels of inequality. In France, on the other hand, he contended that there had been less stability and more open conflict over class than in the United States. T. H. Breed Four new elements in particular influenced how the colonists imagined themselves within the Anglo-American world: the developing military strength of Great Britain, the spread of a consumer-oriented economy, the creation of a self-conscious middle- sense of British national identity.Franklin announced that Americans must know, must think, and must care, about the country the chiefly trade with. Ordinary people laboring men and women as well as members of a self-confident middling group who bellowed out the words to the newly composed Rule Britannic and who espoused positively to the emotional appeal of God Save the King gave voice to the common aspirations of a militantly Protestant culture. P. J. Marshall remarks, British nationalism had an extremely adverse impact on men and women who did not happen to live at home. According to Marshall, English people could perhaps envisage a common community with the Welsh and, often with much difficult, with the Scots, but they failed to incorporate the Irish or colonial Americans into their idea of nation. At indictment, therefore, colonial Americans confronted what must have mimed a radically new British consciousness. It was this fluid, unstable context that colonist on the periphery attempted to construct their own imagined identity within the empire. Confronted with a sudden intensification of British nationalism, the colonists initial impulse was to Join the chorus, protesting their true Brutishness, their unquestioned loyalty to king and constitution, and their deep antipathy for France and Catholicism. We must pay close attention here to chronology, to the different phases in a developing conversation with England as the colonist moved room accommodation to resistance, from claims of Brutishness to independence.European settlers of an earlier period had, of course, struggled with some of the same issues, alternately celebrating and lamenting the development of cultural differences. But whatever the roots of the challenge, dramatic changes in English society, several of which we have already examined, forced provincial Americans for the first time to confront the full meaning of Brutishness in their lives. Like Franklin, Bellman assumed that England and America were equals. The success of one directly undistributed to the succe ss of the other.Both found fulfillment in their common Brutishness. According to Bellman, the brilliant leadership of William Pit during the Seven Years War had attached us more firmly than ever, to the kingdom of Britain. We are proud of our connection with a nation whose flag was triumphant in every corner of the Globe. We were fond of repeating every plaudit, which the ardent affection of the British nation bestowed on a young monarch [George Ill], rising to glory in the name of Briton. As became increasingly and distressingly obvious ruing the run-up to independence, heightened British nationalism was actually English nationalism writ large. Plough]egger [John Adams] stated that the source of anger was not so much parliamentary taxation without representation as it was the sudden realization the that British really regarded the white colonial Americans as second class beings, indeed as persons so inferior from the metropolitan perspective that they somehow deserved a lesser measure of freedom.The Reverend Samuel Sherwood of Connecticut protested that colonists were not an inferior species of animals, made the beast of burden to a lawless, corrupt administration. Lee remarked with obvious resentment, despite superior family background, the Virginians of his own generation are treated, not as the fellow-subjects but as the servants of Britain. Adams concluded that it was the English who had projected a sense of difference and inferiority upon the colonists. American as a descriptive a term in some measure intended to be humiliating and debasing. Richard L. Merritt discovered that available evidence indicates that Englis hmen began to identify the colonial population as American persistently after 1763 a decade before Americans did so. P. J. Marshall again reminded us that the rise of the concept of American owed quite a lot to British usage. The Stamp Act crisis came after an intense burst of Imperial royalty during the Seven Years War, and the colonists felt badly betrayed.Bailey concluded that when Parliament attempted to tax the colonists without representation, Americans assumed the worst. Events appeared to be fulfilling their ideological nightmares. And in this situation, they employed a strident country language employed originally be English politicians, critical of court corruption, to translate imperial regulatory policy into a dangerous plot against provincial liberty and property. The extraordinary bitterness and acrimony of colonial rhetoric requires us to consider the popular fear that the English were systematically regulating Americans to second-class standing within the empire. What we tend to forget, however, is that they also complained that their British Brothers had begun treating them like Negroes, a charge that cannot be sails explained as an American echo of English political possession.Within the radically evolving imperial framework, the Stamp Act seemed and especially poignant for the Americans of their new second-class status. According to Cunnings, it was far from our intentions inclination to separate ourselves from Great-Britain; and that we had it not even in contemplation to set up for independence; but on the contrary, earnestly wished to remain connected with her, until she deprived s of all hopes of preventing such a connection, upon any better terms and unconditional submission. Gary B. Nash

Aldi Mission Statement Aims and Objectives Essay Example

Aldi Mission Statement: Aims and Objectives Paper Aldi Vision Statement What is Aldis mission statement? The mission statement of any enterprise must be clear and represent its purpose of existence. It must stand for the ethical positions of an enterprise, image portrayed to the public and more importantly products and services provided by the enterprise (businessplans. org). Aldi stands up to its Mission Statement Spend a little, Live a lot . This is a one liner but supported by a set of values. The main mission of Aldi when it started was to provide low quality goods to the poor who could not afford to shop elsewhere and this is maintained even today. Aldi is also trying to provide employments all over the world. In return to the staffs commitment, hard work, dedication and responsibilities, the enterprise aims at providing more salary and also job security. It also aims to have flexible working hours for employees for a perfect work and life balance. Aldi organizational structure Organisational structure is defined as the formal system of task and reporting relationships that controls, co-ordinates and motivates employees so that they work together to achieve organisational goals. (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004, p. 461). In general, large organisational structure is depicted in the form of a pyramid. Drucker (1989, p.223) explains the importance of structure as good organization structure do not by itself produce good performance. But poor organization structure makes good performance impossible, no matter how good the individual managers may be, to improve organization structure will therefore always improve performance. Hence, one can say that the structure plays an important role in achieving organisational success. The personality of every individual taking up a position in the organization structure also makes a lot of difference. Therefore good structure can be developed keeping in mind the human element. We will write a custom essay sample on Aldi Mission Statement: Aims and Objectives specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Aldi Mission Statement: Aims and Objectives specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Aldi Mission Statement: Aims and Objectives specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Structure can be classified into four basic types. Robbins and Coulter (2001, p. 267) defines simple structure as an organisational design with low departmentalization, wide span of control, centralized authority and little formalization. Functional structure groups people with similar skills and similar job description. On the other hand, Divisional structure groups together people depending on the area of work (product, geography, customer or process). For example people working in a particular location would be considered a group under geographic divisional structure. Finally, the Matrix structure utilizes the benefits of the above two types to from groups based on projects. The group members in this type would generally belong to at least two formal groups. (Schermerhorn, 2001). LearnManagement2. com (2010) defines the term Span of control as the term used to describe the number of employees that each manager is responsible for. It can also be noticed (as depicted in the following diagram) that having a broader span of control results in a flat structure and a narrow span of control leads to the formation of a tall organization structure. Figure: Flat and Tall Organisational structures. (source: http://www. bbc. co. uk/schools) In the above figure organisation A represents tall-structure and organisation B represents flat structure. Robbins and Coulter, (2001, p. 260) defines Chain of Command asThe continuous line of authority that extends from upper organisational levels to the lowest levels and clarifies who reports to whom. Authority, responsibility and unity of command together ensure the effective functioning of the chain of command. The right to command sub-ordinates and expect the work to be done is known as authority. In the same way the obligation to perform any assigned tasks is called responsibility. When every member of the organisation takes orders and reports to only one person, it is known as unity of command. These keywords and their definitions have been adopted from Robbins and Coulter (2001). Aldi follows a divisional structure based on geography, without being too departmentalized. The divisional managers are completely responsible for handling the services/products provided by the store and running the store as if it were his/her own business. This also indicates that Aldi follows a decentralized structure where-in lower level managers are skilled and capable of making decisions all by themselves. As a part of decentralization which happened when Aldi was split into Aldi Nord and Aldi Sud in 1961, an autonomous corporation was formed for every sixty to eighty stores in the locality. This lead to the formation of a large number of autonomous corporations, which competed with each other in a healthy fashion to help the growth of the organisation. In a geographically dispersed organisation like Aldi this has proved to be a good decision considering the growth and success of Aldi ever since its formation. Due to the small size of the corporations there will be less bureaucracy and almost all issues can be handled at ground-level quickly using the knowledge of the local market. Decentralised structure of Aldi allows regional managers to involve in decision making and also helps effective implementation of the companys strategies. These views of a decentralised structure have been adapted from Robbins and Coulter (2001). Aldis structure is a flat one when defined in terms of span of control. The Managers have a wide span of control, thus leading to a flat structure rather than a hierarchical one. Aldi does not have separate planning, human resources, public relations or marketing departments. Managers have clear specifications for goals, responsibilities and authority. It is the managers job to delegate these to the sub-ordinates in an efficient and clear manner. Random checks and evaluation of performance and results is done to maintain the culture and exercise authority.

A New Marketing Approach for Nollywood Developing a Global Marketing Strategy

Introduction In order to describe the research methodology for this study, it is important to state the aim. The main aim of this study is to investigate marketing techniques used in Nollywood, as well as how appropriate these techniques are in the global film market.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on A New Marketing Approach for Nollywood: Developing a Global Marketing Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Secondly, the study aims at exploring new marketing techniques through which Nollywood can penetrate the global market. Within the global market, there are 160 million English speaking people of African origin, who live outside Africa, and are a significant segment of the global market for Nollywood movies. It is also important to recapitulate on background information, which shapes the research design. As evidence in the literature review, Nollywood is the third largest movie industry in the world after India’s Bollywood and America’s Hollywood. Despite its overall position in the global movie industry, Nollywood outstrips both Hollywood and Bollywood in terms of the number of movies produced annually (Evuleocha 2008). This is quite ironical considering that its target market is the sub-Saharan Africa, making the size of its current market far much smaller compared to market shared by its rivals. The small size of the market is necessitated by a number of factors, but mainly due to the fact that most of the movies are produced in English. In addition to this, African countries have poor economies. This bears negatively on the development of basic infrastructure. Since the marketing and distribution of movies depends on infrastructure, marketers have to develop ingenious techniques to reach customers in remote areas. Additionally, a poor economy limits consumers buying power. Thus, marketers have to engage in marketing techniques that do not add unnecessary cost. To ac hieve this, marketers engage in simple marketing techniques. This include producing and distributing of movies in DVD and VHS format as well as simple advertising techniques such as playing movie trailers in vending stores, as well as displaying simples posters in strategic locations (Chawdhury et al. 2008). As evidenced in the literature review, marketing techniques currently employed lend themselves inappropriate in the global market. Additionally, as explained by Aderinokun (2005), Nollywood movies are themed long African traditional ideals. As such this makes the movies ideal for the African viewers.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is also important to reveal existing Lacunas in current literature, and how these are likely to shape the research design for this study. As explained earlier, the existing marketing techniques are only relevant within Nollywood’s current market, which lies within the sub Saharan Africa. Additionally, Nollywood is anonymous in the global film market. Since Nollywood movies are strongly themed along African traditional customs, it therefore means that marketing globally ought to target specific consumers, who have an appeal for African philosophy. A number of marketing techniques are found to help marketers willing to venture into the global market. These include franchising marketing and distribution activities as well as network and relationship marketing (Madichie 2010). Network and relationship marketing can be achieved through film festivals and such other networking events. These enable marketers and producers not only to reach the target clients directly but also interact and gain valuable feedback (Chikweche and Fletcher 2008) Within the literature review, it is found out that the prevailing marketing conditions can be analyzed via theory of Conjoined Analysis. The theory of Conjoined Analysis stipula tes that marketing activities are preceded by an analysis of the market conditions, consumer preferences and other factors within the market, that are likely to influence marketing activities (Walters and Lancaster 1999; Kotri 2006). In marketing of Nollywood products, marketers have identified the following conditions as prevalent. The consumer buying power is very low. As such, movies have to be cost effective. Additionally, poorly developed infrastructure inhibits the development of formal distribution channels. Moreover, DVD and VHS players are the only forms of complementary technologies. This implies that Nollywood marketers in collaboration with producers analyze and factor in consumer preferences and other prevailing factors within the market and develop products and services that are not only of value to the consumer but also profitable to the manufacturer The global film market is diverse and complicated. Reaching the target clients implies understanding the market, the lo cation of the consumers and the best way to reach them (Mahajan and Banga 2006). Okome (2007) explains that there are about 160 million English speaking people of African origin living outside Africa, and that this class of African constitutes a significant part of the global market for Nollywood movies.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on A New Marketing Approach for Nollywood: Developing a Global Marketing Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, there does not exist literature that explains how marketing methods identified by Madichie (2010), Chikweche and Fletcher (2008) lend themselves appropriate in targeting the market segment identified by Okome (2007). As such, the main purpose in this segment is to identify the most appropriate research design, which helps to explore new techniques such as those identified above with regards to marketing of Nollywood movies globally. Research methodology Resea rch design The purpose of this study is to explore the techniques used in the global movie market and the underlying market conditions. As such, this is an exploratory study. According to Clarke (2008), an exploratory study allows researchers to explore a given phenomenon with the intension of testing hypothesis, which helps researchers develop deeper theoretical insights. Additionally, an exploratory study allows researchers to set the ground for future studies. Since this study is intended to collect information about the preferences of English speaking Africans living outside Africa as well as the most appropriate marketing techniques, the researcher will largely rely in qualitative data. The use of qualitative data will also increase the probability if capturing unexpected information. Thus this becomes a qualitative exploratory study. Target population As indicated in the thesis question, the main aim of this study is to identify new marketing techniques, through which Nollywoo d can penetrate the global film market. Therefore, the study cannot be conducted within Nollywood’s current market structure. The target population therefore has to be identified within the global market. As such, the following target population seems relevant for this study. The theory of Conjoined Analysis, within which Nollywood’s current market is analyzed, purports that conjoining market conditions and consumer preferences with marketing activities achieves both value to the consumer and profitability to the manufacturer (Kent 2007).Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As such, it is imperative to identify the prevailing market conditions in the global film market as well as consumer preferences for the 160 million English speaking Africans living in Diaspora. As such, a significant sample of target population will constitute English speaking Africans living outside Africa. A significant number of these live in the United States of America as well as Britain, which are two of the largest English speaking nations in the world. As such, effort has been made to identify 20 respondents living in America. The number 20 has been arrived at not because to has any significance to this study but for its manageability. These respondents are original citizens of the following countries: Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia, Liberia and Sierra Leone. According to Wilson (2005), most immigrants of African origin settle in the metropolitan areas. In his survey Wilson (2005) found out that New York and New Jersey are most popular with immigrants of Afr ican origin. For ease of movement, the researcher has identified respondents residing in New York. Further details area available in document attached, though for confidentiality, no personal details are provided (see appendix 1). This group of respondents shall, for no special reason, be herein be referred to as â€Å"Respondents Group One† Targeting Africans living outside Africa is vital as it would help to reveal information on consumer preferences. However, this leaves a significant part of the study unaddressed; the applicability of new marketing techniques such as relationship marketing within the global movie market. To gather information on this, it is crucial to target people who have experience in global movie marketing. Getting in touch with this category of respondents is cumbersome due to the nature of their work. However, two senior film marketers have been identified and have agreed to be interviewed. A bigger number would have been preferable but attempts to locate and organize interviews proved futile. The two marketers have vast experience in marketing Hollywood movies in the global market. The main aim of targeting them is to identify which marketing techniques are useful. Findings from this interviews will be analyzed Vis a Vis findings contained elsewhere in the literature review, as well as those from respondents group one. Since information retrieved from the marketers is strictly confidential, no further details are to be provided at this juncture. The marketers are herein referred to as ‘Respondents Group Two’. Data collection The research population is relatively small. Therefore, effort will be made to organize semi structured face to face interviews. The purpose of using semi structured interviews is to giving the interviewer suitable room to ask further questions depending on the interviewees’ responses, which might reveal astute information (Hair, Babin, Money and Samouel 2003). Additionally, face to fa ce interviews are likely to reveal information such as feelings and moods, which are not captured in verbal responses (Jackle, Roberts and Lynn 2006). It is possible that not all respondents are available for face to face interviews during the time of the study. As such, an alternative form of interview has been developed in form of written questionnaires. For the purposes of this study, face to face interview is the preferred method of data collection from respondents group one. As explained earlier, the two marketing executives identified for this study have busy work schedules. Additionally, the marketing professionals travel constantly and, as such, it would be cumbersome to track them for face to face interviews. So as not to interfere with their busy schedules, the most appropriate methods of data collection is telephone interview. According to Holbrook, Green and Krosnick (2003), telephone interviews are advantageous since they not only help an interviewer organize for interv iews over long distances, but are also reduce the chances of biased responses emanating from physical appearance. It is also possible to organize multiple interviews with the same respond, without inconveniencing him. The assertion above indicate that this study only has one data collection tool; the questionnaire. There two types of questionnaires; one for the marketing executives and the other for African living in New York. These questionnaires constitute simple questions and are carefully designed to capture qualitative data. The questionnaires can be found in the Appendix, as appendix 2 and 3. Prior to administering the interviews to Respondents Group One, it would be imperative to explain the purpose of the study. This, according to Blumberg et al. (2005), helps to establish rapport with the respondents as well as build a certain level of confidence and trust from the interviewees. Time plan Conducting the study is a laborious and time consuming task. It requires adequate prep aration as well as adequate time (Robey, Boudreau and Rose 2000). As such, the whole process is designed to take 8 months, beginning September 2011 to April 2012. Formulating the research design, together with the research questions as well as selecting the most appropriate research methodology took the first three months, such that by mid November 2011, the process of writing the research proposal had already commenced. The most demanding part is the literature review since it involves sifting through large amounts of data looking for knowledge gaps, which would form the basis of this research. To prepare adequately, the exercise requires three months and is also combined with data collection. The purpose of combining literature review and data collection is to allow for correlation of data collected with data collection methods and fill in information gaps that might emerge (Levy and Ellis 2006). Additionally, within the last month of data collection and writing of the literature review, initial data analysis began. This was facilitated by the need to analyze and identify correlation between the data already collected and the research objectives. Any notable deficiency in the data collected would be addressed before data collection is complete (Sekaran 2003). The first draft, especially on literature review and research methodology ought to be ready for assessment by the beginning of March 2012. As explained by Hart (1998), researchers are advised to complete their work before schedule and submit for pre-assessment evaluation. This allows for any discrepancies to be noted and corrected before the final draft is submitted. As such, the researcher in this study submitted the paper for pre-assessment evaluation three times before submitting the final draft. As explained earlier, doing a research is a complicated and a multitasking exercise whose final product ought to be flawless. As such, the final product, the dissertation ought to be verified repeatedly befo re submission. This implies that numerous drafts have to be written, beginning with the first draft, the second daft and the final draft. The second draft allows the research to incorporate any suggestions from the supervisor. Pre-assessment evaluation of the second draft aims at checking whether all suggestions made by the supervisor have been incorporated. The final draft is usually an improvement of the second draft. Preparing the drafts requires a lot of time, and for the purpose of this research preparing the drafts commenced in February, after completion of data analysis in January, and is to take three months. Structure of results As said earlier the purpose of this study is to explore the new marketing techniques through which Nollywood’s penetration of the global market for movies is made possible. With regards to this, several issues become relevant in this study. As explained by Walters and Lancaster (1999), there are a number of mediating factors that determine th e usability of marketing techniques. These include the prevailing market conditions, consumer preferences and the type of market. Walters and Lancaster (1999) theory of marketing has been found relevant in marketing Nollywood movies. As such, it would be relevant to explore the prevailing global market conditions as well as the prevailing consumer preferences. Therefore, the study is expected to reveal the prevailing market conditions in market served by global movie marketers. The prevailing market conditions will be documented in two ways as follows; Market conditions from the consumer perspective Market conditions from the marketers perspective Additionally, it is imperative to also highlight consumer preferences. This is aimed at helping the researcher gather valuable information on the nature of preferred products in the global market. As such, the findings on consumer preferences will be documented as follows: Consumer preferences from a consumer’s perspective Consum er preferences from a marketers perspective The information gathered above would be crucial with reference to marketing techniques. As explained by Walters and Lancaster (1999), through the theory of Conjoined Analysis, market conditions as well as consumer preferences are crucial in determining the marketing techniques of choice. As such, the following results form a crucial part of this research: What are the dominant marketing techniques? Do market conditions prevail upon the techniques identified above? Do consumer preferences prevail upon the marketing techniques identified above? Conclusion The paper primarily focuses on evaluating the most appropriate marketing techniques through which Nollywood penetrates the global market. Even though Nollywood is the third largest movie industry in the world, it capitalization the global market is very small. This is largely due to a number of factors such as the prevailing market conditions as well as consumer preferences. These do hav e a bearing on the type of marketing techniques preferred by Nollywood marketers. Upon analysis of data, it is found out that these methods are inappropriate in the global market. As such, it is vital to research on new marketing techniques through which Nollywood can utilize to penetrate the global market. To conduct this research, it is imperative to analyze the research aims and develop the most appropriate research methods. The main aim of this study is to explore the new marketing techniques for Nollywood. As such, this is an exploratory as well as a qualitative study. Since the study aims at utilizing qualitative data, the most preferable method of data collection is the questionnaire. Since there are two types of respondent, there are also two types of questionnaires. The need to group respondents is necessitated by the fact that the study depends on two types of information namely market conditions as well as consumer preferences. This data is analyzed Vis a Vis data existin g in the literature review before generating conclusions. Reference List Aderinokun, T. 2005. The economics of Nigerian film, art and business. [online] Available at: http://www.nollywood.net/Essays/p2_articleid/26 Blumberg, et al. 2005. Business research methods. New York: McGraw-Hill Education (UK) Limited. Chikweche, T and Fletcher, F. 2008. Franchising at the BOP – An alternative distribution strategy. Ph.D. University of Western Sydney. [online] Available at: http://www.anzmac-2008.org/_Proceedings/PDF/S10/Chikweche %20%20Fletcher%20S9%20S6%20P1%20.pdf Chawdhury, M. et al. 2008. Nollywood: The Nigerian film industry.  Harvard Business School, [online] Available at: http://www.isc.hbs.edu/pdf/Student_Projects/Nigeria_Film_2008.pdf Clarke, R. 2008. An exploratory study of information systems researcher impact. [online] Available at: http://www.rogerclarke.com/SOS/Cit-CAIS.pdf Evuleocha, U. 2008. Nollywood and the home video revolution: implications for marketing video f ilm in Africa. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 3(4) Hart, C. 1998. Doing a literature review: Releasing the social science research imagination. London,UK: Sage Publications. Hair, J., Babin, B., Money, A. and Samouel, P. 2003. Essentials of business research  methods. Massachusetts: Leyh Publishing, LLC. Holbrook, A., Green, M and Krosnick, J. 2003. Telephone vs. Face-to-face interviewing of national probability samples with long questionnaires: comparisons of respondent satisficing and social desirability response bias. Public Opinion Quarterly 67(79) Jackle, A., Roberts, C. and Lynn, P. 2006. Telephone versus face-to-face interviewing: mode effects on data quality and likely causes: report on phase ii of the ESS- GALLUP mixed mode methodology project [online] Available at: http://www.iser.essex.ac.uk/files/iser_working_papers/2006-41.pdf Kent, M. 2007. Immigration and America’s Black Population [online] Available at: http://www.prb.org/pdf07/62.4immigration.pd f Kotri, A. 2006. Analyzing customer Value using conjoint analysis: The example of a packaging company. [online] Available at: http://www.mtk.ut.ee/orb.aw/class=file/action=preview/id=207676/febawb46.pdf Levy, Y. and Ellis, T. 2006. A systems approach to conduct an effective literature review in support of Information systems research. Informing Science Journal. [online] Available at http://inform.nu/Articles/Vol9/V9p181-212Levy99.pdf: Madichie, N. 2010. The Nigerian movie industry ‘Nollywood’ – a nearly perfect marketing case study. Marketing Intelligence Planning, [online] Available at: 2010 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1876669 Mahajan, V. and Banga, K. 2006. The 86% solution: How to succeed in the biggest market. Opportunity of the 21st century. New Jersey: Wharton School Publishing. Okome, O. 2007. The message is reaching a lot of people†: proselytizing and the video films of Helen ukpabio. Postcolonial Text 3, ( 2) Robey, D., Boudreau, M. and Rose, G. 2000. Information technology and organizational learning: A review and assessment of research. Accounting, Management and Information Technologies, 10(2),125-155. Sekaran, U. 2003. Research methods for business. A skill building approach. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons Walters, D. and Lancaster, G. 1999. Value-based marketing and its usefulness to customers. Management Decision, 37(9) Wilson, J. 2005. Analysis of the 2005 American Community Survey. New York: Immigration Statistics. This proposal on A New Marketing Approach for Nollywood: Developing a Global Marketing Strategy was written and submitted by user Jeram1ah to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Public Education Vs. Private Education

Public Education v/s Private Education A person’s education is one of the most important factors in determining whether or not they will become a productive member of society. That is why when considering an education the quality of the education is almost as important as the education itself. So when private schools came into the picture the debate then began between public and private schools. Facing the technological revolution that we are going through without a good quality education a person will be left behind. Even though public and private schools are separate institutions they have to follow certain guidelines so there are a lot of similarities between the two. Such as, both school systems have the intentions of giving their students the best education within their means. Both have educated professionals that have decided to devote the rest of their careers to furthering the education of our youth. They each have set up rules hoping to keep it a positive learning env ironment. They both use standardized testing as a tool to evaluate the progress of their students. They can also access the weaknesses from these tests to improve the curriculum that they have composed. They also have clubs like volunteer groups that help out people in their surrounding community. There are also student governments where students elect students to improve upon the learning environment in which they are. Schools also have extra curricular activities like sports where students compete against other schools where they learn school spirit and how to work as a team. With all of these activities students can hopefully find something that they enjoy spending their free time. This also hopefully keeps children out of trouble. Private schools have a lot to offer. The most important thing they bring to the table is the high standards that they set. With the majority of the students wanting to achieve at such high levels this creates a very positive learnin... Free Essays on Public Education Vs. Private Education Free Essays on Public Education Vs. Private Education Public Education v/s Private Education A person’s education is one of the most important factors in determining whether or not they will become a productive member of society. That is why when considering an education the quality of the education is almost as important as the education itself. So when private schools came into the picture the debate then began between public and private schools. Facing the technological revolution that we are going through without a good quality education a person will be left behind. Even though public and private schools are separate institutions they have to follow certain guidelines so there are a lot of similarities between the two. Such as, both school systems have the intentions of giving their students the best education within their means. Both have educated professionals that have decided to devote the rest of their careers to furthering the education of our youth. They each have set up rules hoping to keep it a positive learning env ironment. They both use standardized testing as a tool to evaluate the progress of their students. They can also access the weaknesses from these tests to improve the curriculum that they have composed. They also have clubs like volunteer groups that help out people in their surrounding community. There are also student governments where students elect students to improve upon the learning environment in which they are. Schools also have extra curricular activities like sports where students compete against other schools where they learn school spirit and how to work as a team. With all of these activities students can hopefully find something that they enjoy spending their free time. This also hopefully keeps children out of trouble. Private schools have a lot to offer. The most important thing they bring to the table is the high standards that they set. With the majority of the students wanting to achieve at such high levels this creates a very positive learnin...

Sarbanes Oxley and its Influence on the Finance and Information Coursework

Sarbanes Oxley and its Influence on the Finance and Information Technology - Coursework Example One reason for its significance is its scope along with the material shift it signifies in the balance of federal and state regulation of corporations. Historically, substantive regulation of corporate procedure and governance has been primarily the province of state regulation, while the federal securities laws have regulated disclosure. (Klimko, May 2004) The second reason is that SOX seeks to improve investor confidence by tightening government regulation of the accounting, reporting, and corporate governance practices of public companies. Many of the Act's provisions require the SEC to adopt implementing rules, and many rules have been adopted since the Act became law. (Klimko, May 2004) In this respect, positive changes are recorded in corporate auditing controls and compliance procedures. The Act also established the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board to regulate accounting firms who perform audits on the financial statements of publicly held companies. The board's mission is clear: to tighten accounting standards and restore confidence in the profession. Subject to direct SEC supervision, this body also is responsible for disciplinary action--everything from investigation to significant fines--against any company found in noncompliance with the Act. (Longnecker, 2004)As is generally the case with governmental intervention in the affairs of business, Sarbanes-Oxley has triggered many unintended side effects. Most experts agree that it has changed several facets of business, including the concept of the executive seat; the way honest, hard-working CEOs interpret their roles; and the methods scandal-weary boards use to operate and make decisions moving forward. (Longnecker, 2004) Further, the uncertainty surrounding the legislation's impact on auditing, financial reporting, executive loans, etc. has had a chilling effect on operations in boardrooms across the U.S. Leading decision makers at companies are, in many cases, so intently focused on legislative issues that they have been distracted from fully focusing efforts on their business' primary operations and creating shareholder value. Additionally, it is not just the CEO and CFO who are being asked to certify financial records and take on additional risks and responsibilities. Although not specifically mandated by Sarbanes-Oxley, many companies are r equiring certifications of financial results by their division presidents, department heads, and other senior management in an effort to comply with corporate governance and controls. As the process continues to filter down through the ranks, simply conforming with these laws could end up costing shareholders more than they ever thought possible. In essence, the ripple effect of Sarbanes-Oxley very easily could take businesses from a place of under regulation to one of overregulation, which can be just as dangerous for a variety of reasons.

The Gospel of jesus Christ II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Gospel of jesus Christ II - Essay Example For them, the day of the Lord is the arrival of a divine political figure that could protect their country. For them, Jesus would not offer a Jewish Kingdom. According to (Kereszty 97) â€Å"The angry reaction shows that Jesus was indeed known as a normal â€Å"ordinary guy† among his townsfolk† Jews did not want a King who was not a political leader because they wanted a geographical liberation from Israelites enemy which Jesus could not offer. When the wise men asked about the whereabouts of the King to Herod he was surprised and questioned his authority. For Jews, the Kingdom of God would come from a divine political figure and accepting a person outside this realm was taken with confusion, fear and despise. According to Kerestzy, the love of Jesus is a forgiving one this means his forgiving nature even to the enemies. But this forgiving love can have terrible consequences as Jesus was tortured and crucified by Jews. 2. Christian theologians had different views when it came to Christ as the systematic theologians believed in explicit theology while the commentators were on the side of the implicit theology. This belief of theologians had been creating a conflict as both had differences in interpreting the values expressed by Jesus Christ. Explicit theology is the public nature of the religion as in how the church practiced its rituals, sermons, mission, values and doctrines. It is more outwardly and identifiable. However the implicit theology is much more subtle and looks at the underlying concept in a religion. However, Balthasmer had a logical attitude towards both explicit and implicit theology as he suggested one cannot chose one to be right and other to be wrong. He was of the opinion that one need to balance on the divine aspects as the general will of God is salvation. He says that, Scriptures and Church tradition of faith can assert the fate of humanity. As per ( Catcheism)

Audustine's Confessions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Audustine's Confessions - Essay Example The traditional understanding of free-will asserts that Adam and Eve were born of Godly nature, but because of illicit impulses or greed were torn away from this goodness and thrown into sin. The resultant occurrence is that all of humanity is then born into sin and requires God’s grace for their freedom. Furthermore, Augustine makes the point that original sin is not only embodied in wayward reason and impulses, but in the very physicality of man. This is, after Adam and Eve committed their act of original sin they had to wear clothing, because their actual pure physicality was an extension of the sin. This concept indicates that man is a physical extension of the depravity of existence. That even as depraved reasoning is an essential characteristic of humanity leading them towards sin, and even as Augustine allows for the concept of the freedom of the will, man is ultimately damned because his physicality is even embedded as a sinful act. This essay considers Augustines conc ept of original sin, arguing that his philosophical construct is misguided as it gives too much credence to deterministic thinking, ignores that wrongdoing is often the result of external circumstances, and doesnt acknowledge the amount of altruism that exists in the world. If all actions are predestined, as Augustine believes they are, then the idea of free will seems impossible, and ascribing responsibility to persons who cannot make their own choices seems wrong. However, to some extent it seems that Augustine’s philosophy demonstrates a hard to define confluence between pre-destination and free-will that have led some scholars to argue that there are actually two different Augustinian philosophies, themselves mutually contradictory (Rist 1972). Adequate research into Augustine demonstrates that these concepts are not necessarily mutually exclusive, as Augustine’s understanding reveals subtle characterizations that bind their philosophic elements in hybrid

Separation of Amino Acids by Paper Chromatography

Separation of Amino Acids by Paper Chromatography Zarafath Jameel Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Applications of chromatography Types of Chromatography Paper chromatography Objectives Materials Methodology Results and Calculations The chromatogram The Rf calculated results Discussion Conclusion References Introduction Chromatography, Color written work. Chroma is a Greek roots prefix for color and graphy is a Greek roots postfix for composing. It is utilized to break down, recognize, clean measure the mixes. Chromatography is the physical division of a mixture into its individual parts The segments to be differentiated are disseminated between two stages, a stationary and versatile stage. A mixture which contains the solutes is divided into unadulterated parts by disregarding it the stationary stage (an insoluble material) to which the substances stick to fluctuating degrees. The portable stage, dissolvable is convey the solutes over the stationary stage. Partition focused around the distinctive communications of the mixes with the two stages. Substances that adhere firmly to the stationary stage move gradually, while those that stay approximately or dont stick at all move quickly. Chromatography might be a systematic strategy, in which the examiner takes in the number and nature of the parts in a little measure of a mixture, yet does not really confine them. A typical expository strategy is silica-gel dainty layer chromatography. Alternately it could be a preparative technique, in which the agent utilizes a vast amount of the mixture to get useable measures of every part. A typical preparative technique including the same stages is silica-gel segment chromatography. All chromatographic frameworks needs: A stationary stage (a robust, or a fluid upheld on a strong). a versatile stage (a fluid or a gas) sample particles (mixture for detachment) Applications of chromatography In any synthetic or bio-transforming industry, the need to partitioned and decontaminate an item from a complex mixture is a fundamental and imperative venture in the creation line. This partition of mixtures is helpful to us in different ways. As, Pharmaceutical industry utilizes chromatography to confine penicillin and different anti-toxins. Proteins can even be divided into amino acids. Chromatography is additionally utilized within wrongdoing scene examination for DNA and RNA sequencing. In numerous investigative studies to recognize obscure natural and inorganic mixes. Government research facilities used to weigh colors in nourishment and vegetables contained little measures of pesticides and herbicides. Types of Chromatography There are numerous types of chromatography, yet all structures take a shot at the same rule: Partition Chromatography which incorporates a fluid film covered in a dormant suitable backing. Adsorption Chromatography which incorporates finely separated robust working as an adsorbing surface they are partitioned finely to build their surface region. Ion Trade Chromatography (which is reversible step) which incorporates ionic gatherings (ionic means holding distinctive charges) which are joined to an inactive material; this technique is utilized within purging water for instance the opposition will be between the example (water considered portable stage additionally) the stationary stage specifically. gel Chromatography (additionally called sub-atomic sieving/Gel filtration/Gel penetration/Sub-atomic prohibition) which relies on upon a suspension of a polymer having a suitable pore size (like agar) is a vital strategy for a few examination sorts, for example, differentiating hormones, chemicals organic liquids; AGAR itself is a polymer with pores, so little particles will enter into the pores may leave just in the event that it discovered a bigger pore to enter in it Paper chromatography Paper chromatography is a logical strategy for differentiating and distinguishing both colored (e.g. colors) and boring (e.g. amino acids) mixtures. In paper chromatography, the stationary stage is an extremely uniform spongy paper. Cellulose (non polar) as paper sheets makes a perfect help medium where water is adsorbed to the cellulose filaments and structures the stationary hydrophilic stage. Cellulose is a polymer of the basic sugar, glucose. The key point about cellulose is that the polymer chains have -Goodness gatherings standing out all around them. The cellulose filaments draw in water vapor from the environment and in addition any water that was available when the paper was made. You can along these lines consider paper being cellulose strands with a meager layer of water particles bound to the surface. Non-polar particles in the mixture that you are attempting to particular will have little fascination for the water atoms joined to the cellulose, thus will invest a large portion of their time disintegrated in the moving dissolvable. Atoms like this will hence travel far up the paper conveyed by the dissolvable. They will have moderately high Rf values. Then again, polar particles will have a high fascination for the water atoms and significantly less for the non-polar dissolvable. They will consequently have a tendency to break down in the slim layer of water around the cellulose strands a great deal more than in the moving dissolvable. Objectives Identify the amino acids in unknown mixer, and calculate the Rf of each amino acids by paper chromatography. Materials Chromatography tank and lid Chromatography paper Capillary tubes Amino acid samples ( Arg, Trp, Tyr, Phe and unknown mixture of AA) Beaker BAW solvent – Butan-1-ol, acetic acid, and sterile water Ninhydrin Spray can Hair drier Latex gloves Methodology 10 Ãâ€" 20 centimeters chromatography paper was arranged by drawing a line 2 cm above from the bottom of the paper and little five imprints were made at comparable space interims alongside the line drawn. With particular slender tubes, arginine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan and obscure amino corrosive mixture were tipped and were spotted on an imprint as they were named on the chromatograph paper, by touching the hairlike tubes on the chromatography paper and left them to dry and re-connected the examples a few times as the technique. After that chromatography paper was kept before the hair dryer to dry. When the BAW dissolvable of 100 ml was made by including Butan-1-ol, acidic corrosive, and sterile water in the 80:10:10 degrees. Fitting sum (around 1 cm) of BAW dissolvable was set into the chromatography tank. The chromatography paper was collapsed by the two side edges fit as a fiddle of barrel by stapling those edges close by without reaching each. After that the round and hollow chromatography paper was plunged equally into the BAW dissolvable and made to stand. Chromatography tank was shut by the cover and was left for 60 minutes. After that chromatography tank was revived and chromatography paper was expelled from the tank. The dissolvable line of the paper was checked right away and the chromatography paper was dried via hair drier. Following 05 minutes of drying, the entire paper was showered with ninhydrin by utilizing spread can. The spread paper was dried again utilizing hair drier. At last the separation went by specimen spots was stamped and separations were measured Results and Calculations The chromatogram Figure 01: The chromatogram The Rf calculated results Table 1. The results of Rf Sample Distance from star to Centre of spot (cm) Distance from start to solvent front Results / Rf Arginine 0.3 7.9 0.04 Tyrosine 1.9 7.9 0.24 Tryptophan 1.3 7.9 0.16 Phenylalanine 2 7.9 0.25 Unknown sample 0.3 7.9 0.04 1.1 7.9 0.13 Discussion In this analysis, pencil was utilized to draw the lines as opposed to pen in light of the fact that pen ink additionally moved by versatile stage and it may cause perusing mistake while taking the separation went by part from application point. At the point when setting the chromatography paper into chromatography tank the paper ought not to touch the divider of the tank, in the event that it does the paper will get polluted. The chromatogram is permitted to dry and is then showered with an answer of ninhydrin. Ninhydrin responds with amino acids to give colored mixes, primarily profound pink or purple shade. This chromatography system is likewise used to know the extremity of amino acids. In the event that an amino corrosive makes a high Rf worth means, that amino corrosive has less extremity; less extremity amino acids can without much of a stretch move towards the portable stage and shaped high Rf. High extremity amino acids dependably make less Rf esteem, it needs time to move towards the versatile stage. Wear gloves when taking care of Chromatography paper to abstain from touching the surface of the paper to be utilized for amino-corrosive chromatography in light of the fact that the skin contains amino acids the Chromatography paper as to abstain from saving amino acids from the fingers. On the off chance that it store aggravate the spots create. Regularly BAW dissolvable is use in Chromatography tank. It is a mixture segment of Butan-1-ol: Acetic corrosive: Water in a certain degree (60:15:25). Yet In this reasonable BAW mixture part of Butan-1-ol: Acetic corrosive: Water in a certain proportion (80:10:10) on the grounds that dissolvable of the BAW contain high measure of Butan-1-ol. It is cant break up in water. In this handy, utilized homogenous of the BAW result thusly change the degree of the contain parts. At the point when putting the chromatography paper into chromatography tank the paper was deliberately set ought not to touch the divider of the tank on the grounds that in the event that it touches the divider of the tank the paper will get defiled and the dissolvable ascend through the divider of the tank. The different amino acids are imperceptible. The acids might be envisioned by splashing the paper with a compound called ninhydrin. The chromatogram was permitted to dry then result of ninhydrin was spread on the chromatogram. Perception is Purple shade in light of the fact that ninhydrin responded with amino acids to give shaded mixes, essentially profound pink or violet color. Conclusion The Rf value of unknown mixture from this experiment was 0.04 and 0.13and it suggested the possibility to presence of two different amino acids such as arginine and tryptophan by having same Rf values (0.04 and 0.13). By the chromatography technique, identified the different amino acids in unknown mixers. References Ahuja, S. (2003) Chromatography and separation science, 1st ed, Amsterdam, Academic Press. , [Online] Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=KEynHdUwmFkCpg=PA101dq=chromatography+paper+techniqueshl=ensa=Xei=90rHU5_AHMTe8AXzmIGABQved=0CFAQ6AEwBw#v=onepageq=chromatography paper techniquesf=false (Accessed 03 September 2014). Banga, A. (2005) Therapeutic peptides and proteins, 1st ed, Boca Raton, Fla., CRC. , [Online] Available at: httphttp://books.google.lk/books?id=rPFw2iPB51gCdq=20+amino+acidssource=gbs_navlinks_s (Accessed 03 September 2014). Brian, M. (2000) Chromatography. [Online] Available at: http://www.files.chem.vt.edu/chem-ed/sep/chromato.html (Accessed 03 September 2014). Carraher, C. (2013) Introduction to polymer chemistry, 1st ed, Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press. , [Online] Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862331/ (Accessed 03 September 2014). Chawla, R. (n.d.) Practical clinical biochemistry, 1st ed. , [Online] Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=HP2YAwAAQBAJdq=chromatography+paper+techniquessource=gbs_navlinks_s (Accessed 03 September 2014). Clark, J. (2007) Chemguide.co.uk. [Online] Available at: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/analysis/chromatography/paper.html (Accessed 03 September 2014). Clark, J. (2007) Paper Chromatography. [Online] Available at:http://www.chemguide.co.uk/analysis/chromatography/paper.html (Accessed 03 September 2014). Collman, J. (2001) Naturally dangerous, 1st ed, Sausalito, CA, University Science Books. , [Online] Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=LM1I9zVPcXsCpg=PA9dq=20+amino+acidshl=ensa=Xei=EVXHU_KjLJPp8AXDkoLQDgved=0CD4Q6AEwBw#v=onepageq=20 amino acidsf=false (Accessed 03 September 2014). Dasgupta, A. (2010) Advances in chromatographic techniques for therapeutic drug monitoring, 1st ed, Boca Raton, CRC Press/Taylor Francis. , [Online] Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862331/ (Accessed 03 September 2014). Katoch, R. (2011) Analytical techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology, 1st ed, New York, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. , [Online] Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=rCU2-gvkjo0Cpg=PA43dq=chromatography+paper+techniqueshl=ensa=Xei=90rHU5_AHMTe8AXzmIGABQved=0CDwQ6AEwBA#v=onepageq=chromatography paper techniquesf=false (Accessed 03 September 2014). Phytochemical analysis, 1st ed, Boca Raton, CRC Press. , [Online] Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862331/ (Accessed 03 September 2014). Trimpe, T. (2009) Chromatography basics. Sciencespot.net [e-book reader]. Available at: http://sciencespot.net/Media/FrnsScience/chromacard.pdf (Accessed 03 September 2014). Waksmundzka-Hajnos, M. and Sherma, J. (2011) High performance liquid chromatography in , [Online] Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=8F4LCU-AIhMCpg=PA14dq=chromatography+paper+techniqueshl=ensa=Xei=KUvHU5DrJsv_8QWp9ICIAQved=0CCgQ6AEwATgK#v=onepageq=chromatography paper techniquesf=false (Accessed 03 September 2014). Wilson, K. and Walker, J. (2000) Principles and techniques of practical biochemistry, 1st ed, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. , [Online] Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=0NvlqobpwCwCpg=PA620dq=chromatography+paper+techniqueshl=ensa=Xei=KUvHU5DrJsv_8QWp9ICIAQved=0CCMQ6AEwADgK#v=onepageq=chromatography paper techniquesf=false (Accessed 03 September 2014).

Taking Care of All Whose Service Places Them in Harm’s Way Essay exampl

As Americans we all take jobs to support us from eighteen till the time we die; a job that gives a pension or a retirement plan for enjoying the golden years. Among those receiving retirement benefits are U.S Armed Forces veterans. However, these veterans who have fought for American freedom, the American dream that founded this great nation, are being cheated of their retirement benefits. Though the benefits are making progress in the past couple of years, it is slow and full of bylaws and prerequisites that are not clearly stated to veterans. The veterans of the military deserve more respect, better retirement checks, permanent basic base privileges for dependents, and undisturbed funeral services when they die. As a veteran of the military you receive half of your base pay for retirement, â€Å"Help Military† program guidelines are catered to those who have died or been injured in combat yet so many soldiers have died from ignorance and bull-headedness, and healthcare for mentally ill or injured soldiers is in poor condition. If not worse is the way they are treated by those they serve to protect. When soldiers serve, come home, and finally retire, they are treated like scum. Yet they only did their jobs, carrying out orders given by their commander in chief and his advisors and congressmen. The U.S Military was established so Americans can live their lives in peace and do as they please. It’s time for veterans to stop taking the brunt for doing their job and putting bread on their families table; instead they should receive a deeper respect for the freedom they give us. Veterans of the military are not uncommon to see as they were ten years ago. In truth the issues at hand affect one quarter of the U.S population; those one quar... ...litary Budget Cuts." Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 27 Feb. 2012. Web. 5 Apr. 2012. . "Military Families Overseas (sidebar)." Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 3 June 2010. Web. 5 Apr. 2012. . Powers, Rod. "2008 Military Average Annual Salary." About.com US Military. 07 Feb. 2008. Web. 05 Apr. 2012. . "Repositioning U.S. Troops and Bases at Home (sidebar)." Issues & Controversies On File: n. pag. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 27 May 2005. Web. 5 Apr. 2012. . "Veterans' Services." Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 15 Aug. 2011. Web. 5 Apr. 2012. .

The Twilight Saga 4: Breaking Dawn 12. Some People Just Don’t Grasp …

12. Some People Just Don't Grasp The Concept Of â€Å"Unwelcome† I was right on the edge of sleep. The sun had risen behind the clouds an hour ago – the forest was gray now instead of black. Seth'd curled up and passed out around one, and I'd woken him at dawn to trade off. Even after running all night, I was having a hard time making my brain shut up long enough to fall asleep, but Seth's rhythmic run was helping. One, two-three, four, one, two-three, four – dum dum-dum dam – dull paw thuds against the damp earth, over and over as he made the wide circuit surrounding the Cullens' land. We were already wearing a trail into the ground. Seth's thoughts were empty, just a blur of green and gray as the woods flew past him. It was restful. It helped to fill my head with what he saw rather than letting my own images take center stage. And then Seth's piercing howl broke the early morning quiet. I lurched up from the ground, my front legs pulling toward a sprint before my hind legs were off the ground. I raced toward the place where Seth had frozen, listening with him to the tread of paws running in our direction. Morning, boys. A shocked whine broke through Seth's teeth. And then we both snarled as we read deeper into the new thoughts. Oh, man! Goaway, Leah! Seth groaned. I stopped when I got to Seth, head thrown back, ready to howl again – this time to complain. Cut the noise, Seth. Right. Ugh! Ugh! Ugh!He whimpered and pawed at the ground, scratching deep furrows in the dirt. Leah trotted into view, her small gray body weaving through the underbrush. Stop whining, Seth. You're such a baby. I growled at her, my ears flattening against my skull. She skipped back a step automatically. What do you think you're doing, Leah? She huffed a heavy sigh. It's pretty obvious, isn't it? I'm joining your crappy little renegade pack. The vampires' guard dogs. She barked out a low, sarcastic laugh. No, you're not. Turn around before I rip out one of your hamstrings. Like you could catch me.She grinned and coiled her body for launch. Wanna race, O fearless leader? I took a deep breath, filling my lungs until my sides bulged. Then, when I was sure I wasn't going to scream, i exhaled in a gust. Seth, go let the Cullens know that it's just your stupid sister – thought the words as harshly as possible. deal with this. On it!Seth was only too happy to leave. He vanished toward the house. Leah whined, and she leaned after him, the fur on her shoulders rising. You're just going to let him run off to the vampires alone? I'm pretty sure he'd rather they took him out than spend another minute with you. Shut up, Jacob. Oops, I'm sorry – meant, shut up, most high Alpha. Why thehellare you here? You think I'm just going to sit home while my little brother volunteers as a vampire chew toy? Seth doesn't want or need your protection. In fact, no one wants you here. Oooh, ouch, that's gonna leave ahuge mark. Ha, she barked. Tell me who does want me around, and I'm outta here. So this isn't about Seth at all, is it? Of course it is. I'm just pointing out that being unwanted is not a first for me. Not really a motivating factor, if you know what I mean. I gritted my teeth and tried to get my head straight. Did Sam send you? If I was here on Sam's errand, you wouldn't be able to hear me. My allegiance is no longer with him. I listened carefully to the thoughts mixed in with the words. If this was a diversion or a ploy, I had to be alert enough to see through it. But there was nothing. Her declaration was nothing but the truth. Unwilling, almost despairing truth. You're loyal tome now? I asked with deep sarcasm. Uh-huh. Right. My choices are limited. I'm working with the options I've got. Trust me, I'm not enjoying this any more than you are. That wasn't true. There was an edgy kind of excitement in her mind. She was unhappy about this, but she was also riding some weird high. I searched her mind, trying to understand. She bristled, resenting the intrusion. I usually tried to tune Leah out – I'd never tried to make sense of her before. We were interrupted by Seth, thinking his explanation at Edward. Leah whined anxiously. Edward's face, framed in the same window as last night, showed no reaction to the news. It was a blank face, dead. Wow, he looks bad,Seth muttered to himself. The vampire showed no reaction to that thought, either. He disappeared into the house. Seth pivoted and headed back out to us. Leah relaxed a little. What's going on?Leah asked. Catch me up to speed. There's no point You're not staying. Actually, Mr. Alpha, I am. Because since apparently I have to belong tosomeone – and don't think I haven't tried breaking off on my own, you know yourself how wellthat doesn ‘t work – choose you. Leah, you don't like me. I don't like you. Thank you, Captain Obvious. That doesn't matter to me. I'm staying with Seth. You don't like vampires. Don't you think that's a little conflict of interest right there? You don't like vampires either. But Iam committed to this alliance. You aren't. I'll keep my distance from them. I can run patrols out here, just like Seth. And I'm supposed to trust you with that? She stretched her neck, leaning up on her toes, trying to be as tall as me as she stared into my eyes. will not betray my pack. I wanted to throw my head back and howl, like Seth had before. This isn't your pack! This isn't even a pack. This is just me, going off on my own! What is it with you Clearwaters? Why can't you leave me alone? Seth, just coming up behind us now, whined; I'd offended him. Great. I've been helpful, haven't I, Jake? You haven't madetoo much a nuisance of yourself, kid, but if you and Leah are a package deal – if the only way to get rid of her is for you to go home†¦. Weil, can you blame me for wanting you gone? Ugh, Leah, you ruin everything! Yeah, I know,she told him, and the thought was loaded with the heaviness of her despair. I felt the pain in the three little words, and it was more than I would've guessed. I didn't want to feel that. I didn't want to feel bad for her. Sure, the pack was rough on her, but she brought it all on herself with the bitterness that tainted her every thought and made being in her head a nightmare. Seth was feeling guilty, too. Jake†¦ You're not really gonna send me away, are you? Leah's not so bad. Really. I mean, with her here, we can push the perimeter out farther. And this puts Sam down to seven. There's no way he's going to mount an attack that outnumbered. It's probably a good thing†¦. You know I don't want to lead a pack, Seth. So don't lead us,Leah offered. I snorted. Sounds perfect to me. Run along home now. Jake,Seth thought. belong here. I do like vampires. Cullens, anyway. They're people to me, and I'm going to protect them, 'cause that's what we're supposed to do. Maybe you belong, kid, but your sister doesn't And she's going to go wherever you are – I stopped short, because I saw something when I said that. Something Leah had been trying not to think. Leah wasn't going anywhere. Thought this was about Seth,I thought sourly. She flinched. Of course I'm here for Seth. And to get away from Sam. Her jaw clenched. don't have to explain myself to you. I just have to do what I'm told. I belong to your pack, Jacob. The end. I paced away from her, growling. Crap. I was never going to get rid of her. As much as she disliked me, as much as she loathed the Cullens, as happy as she'd be to go kill all the vampires right now, as much as it pissed her off to have to protect them instead – none of that was anything compared to what she felt being free of Sam. Leah didn't like me, so it wasn't such a chore having me wish she would disappear. She loved Sam. Still. And having him wish she would disappear was more pain than she was willing to live with, now that she had a choice. She would have taken any other option. Even if it meant moving in with the Cullens as their lapdog. don't know if I'd go that far, she thought. She tried to make the words tough, aggressive, but there were big cracks in her show. I'm sure I'd give killing myself a few good tries first. Look, Leah†¦ No,you look, Jacob. Stop arguing with me, because it's not going to do any good. I'll stay out of your way, okay? I'll do anything you want Except go back to Sam's pack and be the pathetic ex-girlfriend he can't get away from. If you want me to leave – she sat back on her haunches and stared straight into my eyes – you're going to have tomake me. I snarled for a long, angry minute. I was beginning to feel some sympathy for Sam, despite what he had done to me, to Seth. No wonder he was always ordering the pack around. How else would you ever get anything done? Seth, are you gonna get mad at me if I kill your sister? He pretended to think about it for a minute. Well†¦ yeah, probably. I sighed. Okay, then, Ms. Do-Anything-I-Want Why don't you make yourself useful by telling us what you know? What happened after we left last night? Lots of howling. But you probably heard that part. It was so loud that it took us a while to figure out that we couldn't hear either of you anymore. Sam was†¦Words failed her, but we could see it in our head. Both Seth and I cringed. After that, it was clear pretty quick that we were going to have to rethink things. Sam was planning to talk to the other Elders first thing this morning. We were supposed to meet up and figure out a game plan. I could tell he wasn't going to mount another attack right away, though. Suicide at this point, with you and Seth AWOL and the bloodsuckers forewarned. I'm not sure what they'll do, but I wouldn't be wandering the forest alone if I was a leech. It's open season on vamps now. You decided to skip the meeting this morning?I asked. When we split up for patrols last night, I asked permission to go home, to tell my mother what had happened – Crap! You told Mom?Seth growled. Seth, hold off on the sibling stuff for a sec. Go on, Leah. So once I was human, I took a minute to think things through. Well, actually, I took all night. I bet the others think I fell asleep. But the whole two-separate-packs, two-separate-pack-minds thing gave mea lot to sift through. In the end, I weighed Seth's safety and the, er, other benefits against the idea of turning traitor and sniffing vampire stink for who knows how long. You know what I decided. I left a note for my mom. I expect we'll hear it when Sam finds out . .. Leah cocked an ear to the west. Yeah, I expect we will,I agreed. So that's everything. What do we do now?she asked. She and Seth both looked at me expectantly. This was exactly the kind of thing I didn't want to have to do. guess we just keep an eye out for now. That's all we can do. You should probably take a nap, Leah. You've had as much sleep as I have. Thought you were going to do what you were told? Right. That's going to get old,she grumbled, and then she yawned. Well, whatever. I don't care. I'll run the border, Jake. I'm not tired at all.Seth was so glad I hadn't forced them home, he was all but prancing with excitement. Sure, sure. I'm going to go check in with the Cullens. Seth took off along the new path worn into the damp earth. Leah looked after him thoughtfully. Maybe a round or two before I crash†¦. Hey Seth, wanna see how many times I can lap you? NO! Barking out a low chuckle, Leah lunged into the woods after him. I growled uselessly. So much for peace and quiet. Leah was trying – for Leah. She kept her jibes to a minimum as she raced around the circuit, but it was impossible not to be aware of her smug mood. I thought of the whole â€Å"two's company† saying. It didn't really apply, because one was plenty to my mind. But if there had to be three of us, it was hard to think of anyone that I wouldn't trade her for. Paul?she suggested. Maybe,I allowed. She laughed to herself, too jittery and hyper to get offended, i wondered how long the buzz from dodging Sam's pity would last. That will be my goal then – to be less annoying than Paul. Yeah, work on that I changed into my other form when I was a few yards from the lawn. I hadn't been planning to spend much time human here. But I hadn't been planning to have Leah in my head, either. I pulled on my ragged shorts and started across the lawn. The door opened before I got to the steps, and I was surprised to see Carlisle rather than Edward step outside to meet me – his face looked exhausted and defeated. For a second, my heart froze. I faltered to a stop, unable to speak. â€Å"Are you all right, Jacob?† Carlisle asked. â€Å"Is Bella?† I choked out. â€Å"She's†¦ much the same as last night. Did I startle you? I'm sorry. Edward said you were coming in your human form, and I came out to greet you, as he didn't want to leave her. She's awake.† And Edward didn't want to lose any time with her, because he didn't have much time left. Carlisle didn't say the words out loud, but he might as well have. It had been a while since I'd slept – since before my last patrol. I could really feel that now. I took a step forward, sat down on the porch steps, and slumped against the railing. Moving whisper-quiet as only a vampire could, Carlisle took a seat on the same step, against the other railing. â€Å"I didn't get a chance to thank you last night, Jacob. You don't know how much I appreciate your†¦ compassion. I know your goal was to protect Bella, but I owe you the safety of the rest of my family as well. Edward told me what you had to do___† â€Å"Don't mention it,† I muttered. â€Å"If you prefer.† We sat in silence. I could hear the others in the house. Emmett, Alice, and Jasper, speaking in low, serious voices upstairs. Esme humming tunelessly in another room. Rosalie and Edward breathing close by – I couldn't tell which was which, but I could hear the difference in Bella's labored panting. I could hear her heart, too. It seemed†¦ uneven. It was like fate was out to make me do everything I'd ever sworn I wouldn't in the course of twenty-four hours. Here I was, hanging around, waiting for her to die. I didn't want to listen anymore. Talking was better than listening. â€Å"She's family to you?† I asked Carlisle. It had caught my notice before, when he'd said I'd helped the rest of his family, too. â€Å"Yes. Bella is already a daughter to me. A beloved daughter.† â€Å"But you're going to let her die.† He was quiet long enough that I looked up. His face was very, very tired. I knew how he felt. â€Å"I can imagine what you think of me for that,† he finally said. â€Å"But i can't ignore her will. It wouldn't be right to make such a choice for her, to force her.† I wanted to be angry with him, but he was making it hard. It was like he was throwing my own words back at me, just scrambled up. They'd sounded right before, but they couldn't be right now. Not with Bella dying. Still†¦ I remembered how it felt to be broken on the ground under Sam – to have no choice but be involved in the murder of someone I loved. It wasn't the same, though. Sam was wrong. And Bella loved things she shouldn't. â€Å"Do you think there's any chance she'll make it? I mean, as a vampire and all that. She told me about†¦ about Esme.† Tel say there's an even chance at this point,† he answered quietly. â€Å"I've seen vampire venom work miracles, but there are conditions that even venom cannot overcome. Her heart is working too hard now; if it should fail†¦ there won't be anything for me to do.† Bella's heartbeat throbbed and faltered, giving an agonizing emphasis to his words. Maybe the planet had started turning backward. Maybe that would explain how everything was the opposite of what it had been yesterday – how I could be hoping for what had once seemed like the very worst thing in the world. â€Å"What is that thing doing to her?† I whispered. â€Å"She was so much worse last night. I saw†¦ the tubes and all that. Through the window.† â€Å"The fetus isn't compatible with her body. Too strong, for one thing, but she could probably endure that for a while. The bigger problem is that it won't allow her to get the sustenance she needs. Her body is rejecting every form of nutrition. I'm trying to feed her intravenously, but she's just not absorbing it. Everything about her condition is accelerated. I'm watching her – and not just her, but the fetus as well – starve to death by the hour. I can't stop it and I can't slow it down. I can't figure out what it wants† His weary voice broke at the end. I felt the same way I had yesterday, when I'd seen the black stains across her stomach – furious, and a little crazy. I clenched my hands into fists to control the shaking. I hated the thing that was hurting her. It wasn't enough for the monster to beat her from the inside out. No, it was starving her, too. Probably just looking for something to sink its teeth into – a throat to suck dry. Since it wasn't big enough to kill anyone else yet, it settled for sucking Bella's life from her. I could tell them exactly what it wanted: death and blood, blood and death. My skin was all hot and prickly. I breathed slowly in and out, focusing on that to calm myself. â€Å"I wish I could get a better idea of what exactly it is,† Carlisle murmured. â€Å"The fetus is well protected. I haven't been able to produce an ultrasonic image. I doubt there is any way to get a needle through the amniotic sac, but Rosalie won't agree to let me try, in any case.† â€Å"A needle?† I mumbled. â€Å"What good would that do?† â€Å"The more I know about the fetus, the better I can estimate what it will be capable of. What I wouldn't give for even a little amniotic fluid. If I knew even the chromosomal count†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"You're losing me, Doc. Can you dumb it down?† He chuckled once – even his laugh sounded exhausted. â€Å"Okay. How much biology have you taken? Did you study chromosomal pairs?† â€Å"Think so. We have twenty-three, right?† â€Å"Humans do.† I blinked. â€Å"How many do you have?† â€Å"Twenty-five.† I frowned at my fists for a second. â€Å"What does that mean?† â€Å"I thought it meant that our species were almost completely different. Less related than a lion and a house cat. But this new life – well, it suggests that we're more genetically compatible than I'd thought.† He sighed sadly. â€Å"I didn't know to warn them.† I sighed, too. It had been easy to hate Edward for the same ignorance. I still hated him for it. It was just hard to feel the same way about Carlisle. Maybe because I wasn't ten shades of jealous in Carlisle's case. â€Å"It might help to know what the count was – whether the fetus was closer to us or to her. To know what to expect.† Then he shrugged. â€Å"And maybe it wouldn't help anything. I guess I just wish I had something to study, anything to do.† â€Å"Wonder what my chromosomes are like,† I muttered randomly. I thought of those Olympic steroids tests again. Did they run DNA scans? Carlisle coughed self-consciously. â€Å"You have twenty-four pairs, Jacob.† I turned slowly to stare at him, raising my eyebrows. He looked embarrassed. â€Å"I was†¦ curious. I took the liberty when I was treating you last June.† I thought about it for a second. â€Å"I guess that should piss me off. But I don't really care.† â€Å"I'm sorry. I should have asked.† â€Å"S'okay, Doc. You didn't mean any harm.† â€Å"No, I promise you that I did not mean you any harm. It's just that†¦ I find your species fascinating. I suppose that the elements of vampiric nature have come to seem commonplace to me over the centuries. Your family's divergence from humanity is much more interesting. Magical, almost.† â€Å"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo,† I mumbled. He was just like Bella with all the magic garbage. Carlisle laughed another weary laugh. Then we heard Edward's voice inside the house, and we both paused to listen. â€Å"I'll be right back, Bella. I want to speak with Carlisle for a moment. Actually, Rosalie, would you mind accompanying me?† Edward sounded different. There was a little life in his dead voice. A spark of something. Not hope exactly, but maybe the desire to hope. â€Å"What is it, Edward?† Bella asked hoarsely. â€Å"Nothing you need to worry about, love. It will just take a second. Please, Rose?† â€Å"Esme?† Rosalie called. â€Å"Can you mindBella for me?† Iheard the whisper of wind as Esme flitted down the stairs. â€Å"Of course,† she said. Carlisle shifted, twisting to look expectantly at the door. Edward was through the door first, with Rosalie right on his heels. His face was, like his voice, no longer dead. He seemed intensely focused. Rosalie looked suspicious. Edward shut the door behind her. â€Å"Carlisle,† he murmured. â€Å"What is it, Edward?† â€Å"Perhaps we've been going about this the wrong way. I was listening to you and Jacob just now, and when you were speaking of what the†¦ fetus wants, Jacob had an interesting thought.† Me?What had thought? Besides my obvious hatred for the thing? At least I wasn't alone in that. I could tell that Edward had a difficult time using a term as mild as fetus. â€Å"We haven't actually addressed that angle,† Edward went on. â€Å"We've been trying to get Bella what she needs. And her body is accepting it about as well as one of ours would. Perhaps we should address the needs of the†¦ fetus first. Maybe if we can satisfy it, we'll be able to help her more effectively.† â€Å"I'm not following you, Edward,† Carlisle said. â€Å"Think about it, Carlisle. If that creature is more vampire than human, can't you guess what it craves – what it's not getting? Jacob did.† I did? I ran through the conversation, trying to remember what thoughts I'd kept to myself. I remembered at the same time that Carlisle understood. â€Å"Oh,† he said in a surprised tone. â€Å"You think it is†¦ thirsty?† Rosalie hissed under her breath. She wasn't suspicious anymore. Her revoltingly perfect face wasall lit up, her eyes wide with excitement. â€Å"Of course,† she muttered. â€Å"Carlisle, we have all that type O negative laid aside for Bella. It's a good idea,† she added, not looking at me. â€Å"Hmm.† Carlisle put his hand to his chin, lost in thought. â€Å"I wonder†¦ And then, what would be the best way to administer___† Rosalie shook her head. â€Å"We don't have time to be creative. I'd say we should start with the traditional way.† â€Å"Wait a minute,† i whispered. â€Å"Just hold on. Are you – are you talking about making Bella drink blood?† â€Å"It was your idea, dog,† Rosalie said, scowling at me without ever quite looking at me. I ignored her and watched Carlisle. That same ghost of hope that had been in Edward's face was now in the doctor's eyes. He pursed his lips, speculating. â€Å"That's just†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I couldn't find the right word. â€Å"Monstrous?† Edward suggested. â€Å"Repulsive?† â€Å"Pretty much.† â€Å"But what if it helps her?† he whispered. I shook my head angrily. â€Å"What are you gonna do, shove a tube down her throat?† â€Å"I plan to ask her what she thinks. I just wanted to run it past Carlisle first.† Rosalie nodded. â€Å"If you tell her it might help the baby, she'll be willing to do anything. Even if we do have to feed them through a tube.† I realized then – when I heard how her voice got all loveydovey as she said the word baby – that Blondie would be in line with anything that helped the little life-sucking monster. Was that what was going on, the mystery factor that was bonding the two of them? Was Rosalie after the kid? From the corner of my eye, I saw Edward nod once, absently, not looking in my direction. But I knew he was answering my questions. Huh. I wouldn't have thought the ice-cold Barbie would have a maternal side. So much for protecting Bella – Rosalie'd probably jam the tube down Bella's throat herself. Edward's mouth mashed into a hard line, and I knew I was right again. â€Å"Well, we don't have time to sit around discussing this,† Rosalie said impatiently. â€Å"What do you think, Carlisle? Can we try?† Carlisle took a deep breath, and then he was on his feet. â€Å"We'll ask Bella.† Blondie smiled smugly – sure that, if it was up to Bella, she would get her way. I dragged myself up from the stairs and followed after them as they disappeared into the house. I wasn't sure why. Just morbid curiosity, maybe. It was like a horror movie. Monsters and blood all over the place. Maybe I just couldn't resist another hit of my dwindling drug supply. Bella lay flat on the hospital bed, her belly a mountain under the sheet. She looked like wax – colorless and sort of see-through. You'd think she was already dead, except for the tiny movement of her chest, her shallow breathing. And then her eyes, following the four of us with exhausted suspicion. The others were at her side already, flitting across the room with sudden darting motions. It was creepy to watch. 1 ambled along at a slow walk. â€Å"What's going on?† Bella demanded in a scratchy whisper. Her waxy hand twitched up – like she was trying to protect her balloon-shaped stomach. â€Å"Jacob had an idea that might help you,† Carlisle said. I wished he would leave me out of it. I hadn't suggested anything. Give the credit to her bloodsucking husband, where it belonged. â€Å"It won't be†¦ pleasant, but – â€Å" â€Å"But it will help the baby,† Rosalie interrupted eagerly. â€Å"We've thought of a better way to feed him. Maybe.† Bella's eyelids fluttered. Then she coughed out a weak chuckle. â€Å"Not pleasant?† she whispered. â€Å"Gosh, that'll be such a change.† She eyed the tube stuck into her arm and coughed again. Blondie laughed with her. The girl looked like she only had hours left, and she had to be in pain, but she was making jokes. So Bella. Trying to ease the tension, make it better for everyone else. Edward stepped around Rosalie, no humor touching his intense expression. I was glad for that. It helped, just a little bit, that he was suffering worse than me. He took her hand, not the one that was still protecting her swollen belly. â€Å"Bella, love, we're going to ask you to do something monstrous,† he said, using the same adjectives he'd offered me. â€Å"Repulsive.† Well, at least he was giving it to her straight. She took a shallow, fluttery breath. â€Å"How bad?† Carlisle answered. â€Å"We think the fetus might have an appetite closer to ours than to yours. We think it's thirsty.† She blinked. â€Å"Oh. Oh.† â€Å"Your condition – both of your conditions – are deteriorating rapidly. We don't have time to waste, to come up with more palatable ways to do this. The fastest way to test the theory – â€Å" â€Å"I've got to drink it,† she whispered. She nodded slightly – barely enough energy for a little head bob. â€Å"I can do that. Practice for the future, right?† Her colorless lips stretched into a faint grin as she looked at Edward. He didn't smile back. Rosalie started tapping her toe impatiently. The sound was really irritating. I wondered what she would do if I threw her through a wall right now. â€Å"So, who's going to catch me a grizzly bear?† Bella whispered. Carlisle and Edward exchanged a quick glance. Rosalie stopped tapping. â€Å"What?† Bella asked. â€Å"It will be a more effective test if we don't cut corners, Bella,† Carlisle said. â€Å"Ifthe fetus is craving blood,† Edward explained, â€Å"it's not craving animal blood.† â€Å"It won't make a difference to you, Bella. Don't think about it,† Rosalie encouraged. Bella's eyes widened. â€Å"Who?† she breathed, and her gaze flickered to me. â€Å"I'm not here as a donor, Bells,† I grumbled. â€Å"‘Sides, it's human blood that thing's after, and I don't think mine applies – â€Å" â€Å"We have blood on hand,† Rosalie told her, talking over me before I'd finished, like I wasn't there. â€Å"For you – just in case. Don't worry about anything at all. It's going to be fine. I have a good feeling about this, Bella. I think the baby will be so much better.† Bella:s hand ran across her stomach. â€Å"Well,† she rasped, barely audible. â€Å"I'm starving, so I'll bet he is, too.† Trying to make another joke. â€Å"Let's go for it. My first vampire act.†